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The Ghent Altarpiece (interior view) by Hubert and Jan van Eyck, painted 1432. Furthermore, the Bible became widely available in translation, a factor often attributed to the spread of the Protestant Reformation. As in Italy, the printing press increased the availability of books written in both vernacular languages and the publication of new and ancient classical texts in Greek and Latin. Its power to disseminate information enhanced scientific research, spread political ideas and generally impacted the course of the Renaissance in northern Europe. The velocity of transmission of the Renaissance throughout Europe can also be ascribed to the invention of the printing press. Forms of artistic expression which a century ago would have been banned by the church were now tolerated or even encouraged in certain circles.
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Erasmus, for example, was important in spreading humanist ideas in the north, and was a central figure at the intersection of classical humanism and mounting religious questions. Among the most significant of these, Renaissance humanism would lay the philosophical grounds for much of Renaissance art, music, science and technology. Consequently, the early 15th century saw the rise of many secular institutions and beliefs.
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The slow demise of feudalism also weakened a long-established policy in which church officials helped keep the population of the manor under control in return for tribute. Reproduction of Johannes Gutenberg-era Press on display at the Printing History Museum in Lyon, France.įinally, the Renaissance in Europe would also be kindled by a weakening of the Roman Catholic Church.
#Feudalism chart renaissance series
The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation with the resulting long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church having lasting effects.
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While Italy and Germany were dominated by independent city-states, most of Europe began emerging as nation-states or even unions of countries. In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. The Renaissance was brought to Poland directly from Italy by artists from Florence and the Low Countries, starting the Polish Renaissance. During the English Renaissance (which overlapped with the Elizabethan era) writers such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe composed works of lasting influence. Writers and humanists such as Rabelais, Pierre de Ronsard and Desiderius Erasmus were greatly influenced by the Italian Renaissance model and were part of the same intellectual movement. Universities and the printed book helped spread the spirit of the age through France, the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire, and then to Scandinavia and Britain in the early 16th century - a process halted by the religious schism caused by Henry VIII who had earlier extensively employed Italian artisans at Nonsuch Palace and Hampton Court under Thomas Wolsey. Trade and commerce in cities like Bruges in the 15th century and Antwerp in the 16th increased cultural exchange between Italy and the Low Countries, however in art, and especially architecture, late Gothic influences remained present until the arrival of Baroque even as painters increasingly drew on Italian models. In France, King Francis I imported Italian art, commissioned Italian artists (including Leonardo da Vinci), and built grand palaces at great expense, starting the French Renaissance. Called the Northern Renaissance because it occurred north of the Italian Renaissance, this period became the German, French, English, Low Countries, Polish Renaissances and in turn other national and localized movements, each with different attributes. From the last years of the 15th century, its Renaissance spread around Europe. The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps.